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The Professional Urban and Regional Planner

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INTRODUCTION Most countries particularly the developing ones like Nigeria are faced with the enormous challenges of urban planning problems which in turn affects the economic development. Urban growth for instance has a number of impacts on the environment and human well-being. Apart from the few impacts, almost all major cities of the country are increasingly plagued by environmental problems. In other words, there is a great threat to health and safety in most Nigerian cities (Egunjobi, 2000 and Kessides, 2006) courtesy of unguided urbanization and ineffective planning (Mabogunje, 2001; Ogunsanya, 2002 and Egunjobi, 2000). There are several schools of thoughts and insights into the causal factors, and government’s attempts tame towards alleviating the situation. One of such factors is overlapping of professional practices that greatly affect the functionality of our environment and the society at large. For Instance, in Nigeria, overlapping of professional practice per-se is not the only factor affecting effective functionality of the society. The paper argued that, much as professional overlaps might be an issue in most developing countries, lack of adequate focus on planning as a profession, and the actions of quacks have contributed significantly to the worsening urban problems. Specifically, this paper espouses on professionalism, and highlights the responsibilities of planning to different segments of the society as it emphasises the need for proficiency among planners through continuous training and re-training programmes, such as seminars, workshops and refreshers courses.It suffices to ask the question as to who is a professional Urban and Regional Planner? What are their responsibilities to sustainable livelihoods and development of a nation? The underlying motivations of this paper relates to the dynamic nature of professionalism as a concept, and the essence of competent practitioners in our society. This is more pertinent as technological revolution is impacting on diverse facets of human endeavour. In addition, geographical zoning has tended to vary the practice of Urban and Regional Planning from nation to nation. Based on this premise, this paper attempts to contribute to growing academic literatures by discussing who a professional Urban and Regional Planner is in the Nigerian context. Professional Urban and Regional Planner Professionalism is an inclusive term covering a variety of activities in different field of study. Oni, (2007), buttressed this point by emphasising the fact that professional activity would encompass a particular level of systematic knowledge and proficiency. Thus, planning education is a systematic process aimed at developing knowledge, skills, and other capabilities within individuals. It includes training and re-training exercise in an institution of higher learning approved by the Ministry of Education and the Town Planners Registration Council of Nigeria (TOPREC). Precisely, a professional Town Planner is identified here as a person who has gained mastery or proficiency in planning and related fields of knowledge and skills; and can effectively help local officials to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems through delineation for roads paths, schools location and other infrastructure designation; and suggesting zoning regulations for private properties within a locality. The Nigerian Institute of Town Planners views a professional Town Planner as a person who possesses any of the following academic/professional qualifications:(i) A degree in Urban and Regional Planning/Town Planning;(ii)A Professional Diploma in Urban and Regional Planning/Town Planning;(iii)A pass in the final stage of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners/Town Planners Registration Council Examination;(iv)Attainment of 2 years post qualification supervised experience.It should be noted that, courses leading to the award of the specified qualification (i) and (ii) above must be from any institution recognised and accredited by the Town Planners Registration Council (TOPREC) (NITP, 1991).It can be deduced from the above that, a Master’s Degree from an accredited planning institution provides the best training for a wide range of planning positions. However, various degrees in urban and regional planning from notable institutions aims to provide planners with ; (i) A broad understanding of the forces and processes shaping cities, regions and built and natural environment; (ii)To keep a breast with the physical, economic, social and environmental factors that strongly influence the practice of the profession; (iii)The knowledge and confidence to question and, where necessary to challenge current planning wisdom, and the creativity to develop alternative planning proposals and; (iv)To engender in planners the respect and commitment necessary to make effective community consultation and interdisciplinary collaboration crucial to planning practice. Above all, professional Planners must be able to think in terms of spatial relationships and visualize the effects of their plans and designs. They should also be flexible to reconcile different view points and make constructive policy recommendations. Professional Planners should however be able to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, as this is necessary and can never be divulge from individuals that are interested in the Urban and Regional Planning profession.Agbola et al (2004) perceived planning as a purposeful action. In other words, it involves taking decisions or making appropriate arrangements before hand to influence the course of action on a particularly developmental need. They went further to explain that, planning consists of making suitable choices among several options which appear open for the future and then advice the concern government on how to deploy necessary resources to implement the adopted alternative. This definition, which is one among several views (Oyesiku, 1998; Adeniji, Egunjobi, 2001) of purposeful planning, show or view planning as; (i) General approach to decision making; (ii) A future oriented exercise; (iii)An activity with many alternatives; (iv)The choice of one alternative among several others, depending on facts based on past experience, present situation, the anticipated future and the resources (human and materials) available at that point in time and/or expected to be available at the time of implementation (Agbola et al, 2004 and Agbola, 2007). It is worth mentioning that, the professional Town Planner’s primary responsibility is to serve the public interest. However, the definition of the public interest is formulated through continuous debates; a planner owes allegiance to a conscientiously attained concept of the public interest, which requires special obligations. In actual fact, public interest refers to the common good of society at large. It also entails the “common well-being” or general “welfare”. Accordingly, public interest is central to policy debates and professional practice. Thus professional planners have valuable responsibilities to the public, clients and employers, to the professional and colleagues and planner’s self-responsibility. For effective practice, planners requires the use of theories and techniques of planning (Agola, 2001 and Ayeni, 1998) that informs and structures debate, facilitate communication and foster understanding. Interestingly, professional Planners are expected to: (i)Practice in a manner that respects the diversity needs, values and aspirations of the public and encourages discussion on these matters; (ii) Provide full, clear and accurate information on planning matters to decision makers and members of the public; (iii) Acknowledge the inter-related nature of planning decisions and their consequences for individuals, the natural and built environment, and the broader public interest; and (iv) Identify and promote opportunities for meaningful participation in the planning process to all interested parties.Apart from the stated responsibilities of professional planners to the public, the vitality and credibility of the planning profession and of the institute are reflective of the quality of the membership. To further the profession, members will be expected to attain and maintain a high standard of professional competence and conduct, which extends to their relationship with other members.They are also expected to encourage healthy and constructive criticism about theory and practice of planning among colleagues and share the results of experience and research output that contribute to the evolving body of planning knowledge.Moreso, maintenance of appropriate awareness of contemporary planning philosophy, theory, and practice by seeking and receiving professional education throughout a planning career. Much discussion in developing countries particularly Nigeria today surrounds the relationship between that section of the society concerned with the development of long- and short-term plans for the use of land and the growth and revitalization of urban, sub-urban and rural communities and the region in which they are located and the world of work. The discussion has tried to focus on such issues as; the increase in building collapse in cities; rapid urbanization and population growth that create a big challenge for state and municipal governments in terms of infrastructure and services provision.The scale and complexity of the above mentioned facts are intensifying in Nigeria. Building collapse, traffic congestion and accidents, unemployment, urban violence and crime and a host of others are recognised problems in Nigerian cities. They however have dramatic impact on social fabric of cities, threaten the reform process and erode the ability of the poor to build assets and participate in urban development. They also create stigmatised neighbourhoods and causes loss of investment, as well as uncontrollable spontaneous reactions such as gang and mob justice. Government at all levels alone cannot tackle these challenges. In other words professional planners and other cognate discipline have key roles to play towards achieving a sustainable development. In order to remedy the situation, professional Planners and policy makers in Nigeria have been confronted with the need to provide appropriate manpower that will facilitate economic and social progress.To meet these challenging responsibilities, aspiring professional Planners must achieve competence in a broad range of fields. In fact, it has been argued that the foremost ethical requirement of professionals is to practice competently (Hepworth, et al; 1986). The logic behind this assertion is persuasive because much is at stake for consumers of professional planners services. It is therefore important to divulge the “quacks” planners from the competent and professional planners. The term competent can simply be viewed as “fitting, suitable for the purpose; adequate; properly qualified; having legal capacity and qualifications (Oxford Dictionary, 2000). To assess professional competency in practice encompasses knowledge, values, skills, and attitudes essential to fulfil one’s professional role skilfully (Hepworth, et al; 1986). It should be impressed that, a professional Planner may thus be competent in providing certain types of services or performing certain responsibilities or functions, and not in others. The elements of competent practice put in another sense in various professional fields are in a constant state of flux as a result of expanding knowledge, emerging skills, and changing demands of practice. Thus, competency must be viewed within a temporal context, based on the fact that, a professional planner may achieve competence at one point in time only to suffer steady erosion of that competence by failing to keep abreast of over-expanding planning knowledge and skills.Interestingly, urban and regional planners focus on one or more areas of specialization. Among the most common are community development and redevelopment and land-use or code enforcement. While planners may specialise in areas such as transportation planning or urban design, they are also required to keep the bigger picture in mind, and do what’s best for the community as a whole. To make judicious choices and to implement chosen interventions skilfully requires extensive knowledge of numerous practice theories and techniques and a rigorous approach to selecting those that are most appropriate for a given client. Systematic eclecticism, as advocated by Beutler (1983), Fisher (1978); Siporin; (1979) and Thorne (1973), is such a rigorous approach to practice. Simply, a systematic eclectic practitioner adheres exclusively to no single theory but rather selects models and theories that best match a given problem situation and accords highest priority to techniques that have been empirically demonstrated to be effective and efficient. Systematic eclecticism is thus most demanding, requiring the planners to keep abreast of emerging theories and research findings. Above all, this approach to professional practice holds the highest promise of being efficacious with a broad range of clients and problems. It can therefore be rightly affirmed that, knowledge is a perishable commodity and becomes obsolete with the passage of time. Thus, it has to be re-affirmed, re-learnt, re-practiced at all times. Skill renewal through continuous formal training is therefore, inevitable. In response to the dynamics and increasing complexities of the political, economic, social and technological environment in which planning is done or practice, the need to keep professionals abreast of development has come to the fore. Contributing to Sustainable Development Sustainable development has become a catchword for discussion and action because it seems to capture widespread feelings that the state of the earth is precarious (Mannion, 1991). On one hand, we see around us evidence of progressive deforestation, growing volumes of waste, landuse mix used and incessant traffic externalities that we are unprepared to handle. The concept is commonly understood through the definition introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in its report “Our Common Future” (1987). According to the report, achieving sustainable development requires economic and social justices focusing, in particular, on the fulfilment of the needs of the poor. The concept of sustainable development has been an integral part of international development discourse for over two decades. It has been linked to contemporary discourses on urban development particularly after the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul (1996). In this paper the inquiry about the concept’s founding discourse focuses particularly on the sustainable development concept as defined by the World Commission of Environment and Development (WCED); known also as the Brundtland Commission). The ambiguity or contested nature of the concept (Barraclough, 2001) were not the focus of this section, instead, the focus is on the analysis of the social content of sustainable development and the ways to involve professional planners to operationalised it. The concept of sustainable development according to Sumalee, et al; (2008) has gradually become a focus of attention in urban planning in recent years. This can be attributed to wave of concerns over the intensifying urban problems in most cities. The Brundtland report defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The concept is generally constructed through the three dimensions introduced by Agenda 21 in Rio (1992): environmental, economic and social (and cultural) dimensions that target the preservation of the overall environment (Elliot, 1998; and Vurtimo, 1994). Meanwhile, the key driving force of traditional planning practice has mainly been limited to economics development without a full consideration of social and environmental aspects. As a result urban and regional planning outcomes have not being able to curtail the rearranging nature or trend of urban problems in most Nigerian cities. It has also been found that life style and urban development practice inmost developing countries, are not sufficiently sustainable (Kuvaja, 2007), Kessides, 2006). This implies that planning education was given the onerous responsibilities of not only producing professional planners, but also of ensuring that sustainable livelihoods of individuals remain intact. It also means that, every planner needs to contribute his quota to the development of the society. Thus the view about sustainable development as noted by Satterwaite, (1999b) is of great use to this paper. He exemplified the fact that sustainable development seeks to “meet human needs in settlements of all sizes without depleting environmental capital. This means seeking the institutional and regulatory framework in which democratic and accountable city and municipal authorities ensure that the needs of the people within their boundaries are addressed while minimizing and transferring of environment costs to other people and ecosystems or into the future”.Here, sustainable development refers particularly to laws and policies implementing sustainable development while putting the processes of governance and city authorities into its centre (Hardoy, et al; 2007). It is however disheartening to note that despite the importance and frequent debates on the need for sustainable livelihoods in our society, Nigeria environment particularly the cities are still in state of disorderliness (Egunjobi, 1999; 2001). There has been a phenomenal growth of urbanization resulting in our major cities growing and expanding in an unplanned manner (Aluko, 2000). He stressed further that, the central parts or core areas of most Nigerian cities are decaying while sections are increasingly becoming slums. He also noted that, despite the existence of local planning authorities whose responsibilities include development control of urban land use, protecting ecologically sensitive regions, many buildings have been and are being constructed without approved layouts.Compounding and more disturbing fact or problem is the incessant collapse of buildings in notable Nigerian cities (Abuja, Lagos, Port-Harcourt and Ibadan). Collapse of buildings has been a recurring decimal that has led to the decimation of lives. As this pathetic incidence happened, one of the questions on the lips of many Nigerians was; why was a building control measure not adopted to ensure that substandard building was discontinued at a stage? There was also question as to who approved the construction of the building and monitored its implementation in the first instance? These questions were often laid to rest, but in professional practice particularly Urban and Regional Planning, they are disturbing circumstances that need to be effectively addressed if the concept or aim of sustainable development is to be achieved. The town planners are supposed to be equipped with different tools and techniques of development control; yet a lot of accusations are still being made against urban planners. This often turns to abuses and insults. For instance, a one-time Governor of Oyo State, Alh. Lam Adesina (1999) states that “the state’s Town Planners were planning nothing except disaster for the people. They have sacrificed their professionalism at the altar of money; all potential zones of disaster in Ibadan have been approved for building of houses and other structures…” These statements were made during a courtesy visit by the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP) president and members to the governor. This exposure and open confrontation as noted by Aluko, (2000) reveals that those who know the planning law best and are supposed to be planning the environment are now the culprits. Thus, the accusers have turned the accused.In view of the above claims, it should be reiterated that professional planning education consists of three components: training, education and advancement of knowledge (Harris, 1983). In other words, it differs from other types of tertiary education, where the main goal may be education or the advancement of knowledge or a combination of the two, but where the level of direct training for a particular job is minimal. It should be mentioned that, planning is a genuine and distinct profession and have attained to itself a significant corpus of theory, knowledge, skill and technique. Though, parts of each of these aspects are shared with other professions and other more traditionally recognised disciplines, but the essence of urban planning is that it combines them into a coherent whole (Harris, 1983). It is this fact that makes planning singular. Moreover, it deals with issues affecting the whole of the physical, social and administrative environment. It is therefore holistic and integrative in nature, unavoidably ideologically-driven (Harris, 1983). It involves conflict resolution and is often influenced or directed by political forces. More importantly and being a public profession, planners must necessarily be accountable for their work. In other words, they must be technically skilled and procedurally rigorous. A professional planner can contribute towards sustainable development of our nation by addressing an array of problems associated with population growth, especially in poor or developing and rapidly expanding communities. For instance, new housing developments require roads, sewer systems, fire stations, schools, libraries and recreation facilities that must be planned for within budgetary constraints. It is worth mentioning that the fastest job growth for urban and regional planners will occur in the private sector (Agbola, 2004), primarily in the professional, scientific and technical services industries. Here, planners will be employed by firms to help design security measures that are effective but also subtle and able to blend with the surrounding area. Apart from this, planners promote the best use of a community’s land and resources for residential, commercial, institutional and recreational purposes. They are also charged with the responsibility of addressing environmental, economic, and social health issues of our community as it grows and changes over time. They should be concerned with formulation of plans relating to the construction of new school, buildings public housing or other kinds of infrastructure. Planners may also help to make decisions about developing resources and protecting ecologically sensitive regions. They should be effectively involved in environmental issues including pollution control, wetland preservation, forest conservation, and the location of new landfills. They should also be involved in drafting legislation on environmental, social and economical issues, such as planning new parks, sheltering the homeless, or making the region more attractive to business activities.In addition to the aforementioned responsibilities which should be executed by a professional planners, he/ she is also expected to and particularly before preparing approach plans for community and individual property development, study and report on the current use of land for residential, business and community purposes. They should be interested to give information on the location and capacity of streets, highways, airports, water and sewer lines, schools, libraries, cultural and recreational sites. They need to provide data on the types and activities of industries in the community, the characteristics of the population, employment and economic trends of the country on the concerned areas. Though this information, along with community involvement or input from citizens, planners try to optimise land use for different activities. They need to examine and inspect regularly features of land as well as building materials under consideration for development or regulation. This needs to be done, to ensure that these facilities will meet the needs of a growing or changing population. They should keep abreast of economic and legal issues involved in zoning codes, building codes, and environmental regulations and ensure that builders and developers follow these codes and regulations. Recommendations for Future Professional Planners Professional planners’ future depends on the effective implementation of the facts showcased in the context of this paper. In other words, the most obvious lesson to be drawn from this overview centres on the ability of planners to make judicious choices and implement chosen interventions skilfully through an examination of extensive knowledge of numerous practice theories and techniques and a rigorous approach of adopting those that are most appropriate for a given client. The paper also emphasised that professional planners who do commit themselves to only one practice theory do a disservice to themselves and to many of their clients, for they limit their range of effectiveness by attempting to fit all clients and problems into their chosen model. Planners however, need to bear in mind that logic dictates that the opposite should be the case. Professional Planners should select interventions and techniques that best fit certain types of problems and clients.More importantly, planners need to be equipped with a number of technical tools which are becoming widely used as part of effective urban planning approaches. Amongst others, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are gaining increasing importance as a tool for decision-making in planning. The essence of this is to link together different data sets and present them clearly and concisely in a variety of ways. Also, land market assessments provides accurate and up-to date information on land prices, supply of services land, present and future land projects, housing typologies, and other aspects of urban planning market, and thus is used to support government planning and decision making. Generally, professional planners should aggressively adopt the use of computers to record and analyse information and to prepare reports and recommendations for government executives and others. They need to focus on one or more areas of specialization. Among the common are community development and redevelopment, land use or code enforcement, housing and environmental planning and management and a host of others. Professional planners may also specialise in areas such as transportation planning and management or urban design, they are however required to keep the bigger picture in mind, and what’s best for the profession and the community as a whole.It is pertinent to wrap-up this discourse by emphasising the fact that professional urban planner’s future depends on the effective funding of urban regional planning programmes by the government at all levels (Federal, State and Local). It also requires training and re-training of planners along side with adequate motivation and incentives. Furthermore, development and re-development of appropriate urban and regional planning curriculum in our tertiary institutions is highly necessary. Above all, provision of good and contemporary planning education training for students with the availability of proper equipment and adequate facilities in our planning institutions needs to be enforced through the various bodies (TOPREC) responsible for monitoring of our planning institution. REFERENCES Adeniyi, E. O. (1985). Regional Development Planning Within the Context of National Development in Nigeria. In Abiodun, J. O. (Ed). Urban and Regional Planning Problems in Nigeria. University of Ile-Press, Ile-Ife. Akinbamijo, B and Osunsanmi, G. (2007). Access in Cities and Sustainable Urban Transport- A Challenge for Third World City Planning Practice. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 4 (5): 654-661 Agbola, T. (1988). The private Sector and Physical Planning in Nigeria. Journal of NITP, Vol. X, Pp. 44-53.Agbola, T. (2004). Readings in Urban and Regional Planning. Macmillan, Nigeria. Agbola, T. (2007). Housing as a Profession. In Agbola, T; Egunjobi, L and Olatubara, C. O. (eds) Housing Development and Management: A Book of Readings. Department of Urban and Regional Planing; University of Ibadan. Allmendinger, P; Prior, A and Raemaekers, J. (2000). Introduction to Planning Practice. John Willey: New York. Aluko, O. (2000). Development Control and Nigeria’s New Civil Programme. NITP Journal, Vol. XII, PR 79-88. Barraclough, S. (2001).Towards Integrated and Sustainable Development. UNRISD Overarching Concern Paper. No. 1. United National Research Institute for Social Development. Beutler, L. E. (1983). Eclectic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Approach. New York: Pergamon Press.Brugman, J. (1994). Who can Deliver Sustainability? Municipal Reform and the Sustainable Development Mandate. Third World Planning Review. 16 (2), Pp.129-146. Egunjobi, L. (1999): Our Gasping Cities. An Inaugural Lecture, University of Ibadan; October 21st. Elliott, L. (1998). The Global Politics of the Environment. Macmillan, London.Fisher, J. (1978): Effective casework Practice: An Eclectic Approach. Mc Graw-Hill, New York. Gwilliam, K. (2002). Cities on the Move: A World Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review. World Bank, Washington, DC. Hardoy, J. Mitlin, D. and Satterthwaites, D. (1997). Environmental Problems in Third World Cities. Earthscan, London. Harris, S. (1983). Planning Education in the 1990s. In Freestone, R. Spirited Cities. Urban Planning Traffic and Environmental Management in the Nineties. The Federation Press. Sydney. Pp. 29-42. Hepworth, D. and Larsen, J. (1986). Direct Social Work Practice Theory and Skills. The Dorsey Press. Chicago. Kadiri, W. (1995). Development Control at the Three Agencies Level Within the Framework of the New Urban and Regional Planning Decree. In Development Control within the Context of the New Urban and Regional Planning Law Decree No. 88 of 1992: proceedings of Workshop. NITP, Pp. 9-14. Lagos, NITP. Keeble, L. (1969). Principle and Practice of Town and Country Planning. Estate Gazette, London. Ogunsanya, A. (2002). Maker and Breakers of Cities. 59th Inaugural Lecture, University of Ilorin Olajuyin, L. and Olayiwola, L. (1983). Problem and Prospect of Development Control: A Case study of Ile-Ife. Journal of NITP; Vols. 4 and 5 Pp. 23-32. Olujimi, J. (1999). Education for Town Planners in Nigeria. The Role of the Town Planners Registration Council of Nigeria (TOPREC) Journal of NITP. Pp. 65-80. Oni, C. S. (2007). The Professional Vocational Educator. Educational Research and Review, Vol. 2 Pp. 271-274. Oyesiku, O. (1993). The Role of Government in Regional Development. Inter-Displinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 21-27. Oyesiku, O. (1997). Modern Urban and Regional Planning Law and Administration in Nigeria. Kraft Books Limited, Oyo State. Satterthwaite, D. (Ed). (1999). The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities. Earthscans, London.Siporin, M. (1979). Practice Theory for Clinical Social Work. Clinical Social Works Journals, &, Pp. 75-89. Thorne, F. (1973). Eclectic Psychotherapy. In Corsini, R. (Ed). Current Psychotherapies. Itasca, IL. Peacock. Pp. 445-484.

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Mezcal in Oaxaca

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Alvin Starkman M.A., LL.B.

Think of mezcal (also known as mescal) as you would a single malt scotch, or better yet when comparing red wines of different vintages from the regions of France. Or perhaps grape varietals from the diversity of valleys and coastal areas in Australia. Forget about the worm for the time being, and forever the reputation with the college crowd of mezcal’s better known sister, tequila.

INTRODUCTION

Mezcal is made from the agave plant, often referred to as maguey. Its production, according to some sources, may actually pre-date the Spanish Conquest, although the product would have been very different from what we encounter today. Many modern-day facilities use the same age-old technique, although some of the tools of the trade have been changed, for example from the use of clay pots for manufacture and storage, to copper serpentine for distillation, and oak and glass for aging and transporting.

It is estimated that there are about 5,000 production facilities in the State of Oaxaca (where most mezcal is produced), less than 200 of which are members of the regulated association. Most are tiny mom and pop operations serving a local community and its hinterland, some produce the spirit for distribution in primarily the City of Oaxaca, and there are a handful catering to the export market. However, in all three instances there is a broad range of quality in terms of smoothness, flavor nuances and smokiness. In fact the well-entrenched tradition of Oaxacans discerning personal palate-worthiness of different mezcals, manifests not through sampling store-bought designer bottles with smart labels, but rather from acquiring multi-liter receptacles from towns and villages in different regions of the state.

Product diversity exists for three primary reasons. Firstly, as is the case with grape varieties in wine production there is a range of agave suitable for mezcal production. Secondly, we find micro-climates yielding plants with subtle differences based on for example soil composition and length and quality of growing season, again similar to what we find regarding vineyards. Finally there is significant variation in the means of production as determined by the mezcalero, or brewmaster if you will. Each decision is crucial in determining the quality of the finished product, beginning with choosing the precise time when the plant is ready for harvest.

PRODUCTION

In Oaxaca there are well over 50 varieties of maguey, roughly 18 of which are used in the production of mezcal. However, about 90% of mezcal is made with the espadín agave, perhaps 5% uses tobalá, and the remaining types, found predominantly in the wild, comprise the balance. Espadín is similar to the blue agave traditionally used in the production of tequila.   However, since blue agave grows in different climates than does espadín, the geographical distinction alone is enough to create a differentiation in taste. But the main difference between mezcal and tequila is that the latter is produced using stone ovens or stainless steel tanks for cooking, while the former in most instances still employs the centuries old method of baking the agave in an in-ground oven over firewood and rocks.

The investment of time required to produce a bottle of mezcal begins with 8 years, being how long one must usually wait between transplanting a tiny agave plant produced from runner or cut from its tall stock, and harvest. Towards the end of the growth period, the stock shoots up, signifying the initial stage of readiness. The stock is cut down, and for several months thereafter nutrients gather in the base of the plant known as the piña because of its appearance once the leaves are removed. It is this central core of the agave which is transported by truck or on the backs of donkeys to market (the factory), and not the spiny succulent leaves which in most cases are discarded once cut from the piña, the spherical form of which is only then revealed. It takes approximately 7 tons of raw piña to produce 1,000 liters of mezcal, depending on the type of mezcal being produced.

A pit dug into the earth and measuring about 8’ deep by 12’ in diameter is preheated for a couple of days with thick smoldering logs, on top of which are then placed river rocks. After the rocks have become red-hot, a thin layer of discarded fibrous material from another stage of the process is often placed atop, serving to insulate the rocks from the piñas which are piled on top of the heated rocks, forming a mound, perhaps 4’ – 5’ above ground level. Traditionally the small hill would then be covered with a woven palm leaf mat known as a petate, but now a sheet of synthetic product such as plastic or grain sack material is used, sometimes in conjunction with the petate. Then all is covered with earth so as to ensure the contents of the mound remains airtight. Finally and for good measure a few logs are placed on top of the heap of earth.

The agave bakes for a few days, absorbing the characteristics of the earth, any clay brick used to line the pit, charred wood and smoke. (It’s important to keep in mind the particulars of each step during which distinct flavor and smokiness may be imparted.)   Carbohydrates or starches are converted into fermentable sugars. With its now carmel-like sweetness, the piñas are ready to be removed, then cut into small pieces with a machete, and thereafter crushed by a horse or donkey dragging a multi-ton circular concrete wheel over a round, low-walled area in which the charred piña pieces have been placed.

The pulverized cooked agave together with any extracted juices is then pitched into large pine vats where it is left to ferment for between 5 and 15 days depending on the prevailing climactic conditions. Only a bit of water is added to the wooden receptacles which are either covered with plastic or left exposed to the air. No chemicals or other substances or agents, either man-made or natural, are added.

The fermented by-product at about 6% alcohol content is then placed in a brick still, heated with firewood. The vapor rises into copper piping which leads to a companion vat filled with water and the continuation of the copper piping, serpentine in shape entering the tank of water. The water cools the vapor in the tubing. A small spigot at the bottom allows a liquid, mezcal, to slowly drip out into a provisional receptacle. It is normally distilled for a second time, often with the addition of further fermented agave, using a recipe determined by the master mezcalero, to bring the finished product to the desired alcohol content, usually about 40% alcohol by volume. Mezcal is now in its purest form, known as blanco, before aging or being infused with herbs, fruit or the worm.

THE GUSANO

The gusano worm is in fact not a worm, but rather a caterpillar, an infestation to which the agave plant is susceptible. However, in the production and sale of mezcal it has served three primary functions over the years. Firstly, prior to there being any labeling or regulation of mezcal, a gusanito was inserted into a bottle of mezcal as proof to the purchaser that the liquor had a sufficiently high alcohol content. The worm’s preservation in the mezcal, without any decomposition, signified that the alcohol content ought to be acceptable to the purchaser. Secondly, today the worm is a valuable marketing tool. Often the one to finish the bottle is expected to ingest the gusano remaining at the bottom. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, it adds a distinct and appealing flavor to the mezcal as well as smoothness, particularly crucial if the mezcal is otherwise not particularly suave or has not been aged in wood.

The gusano has been a staple in Oaxacan cookery for generations, often purchased live in the marketplace, or dried, sometimes with 100 strung up into a necklace. Some of the finest prepared salsas are made with ground gusano. And of course there is sal de gusano, a combination of salt, chili and worm, used not only in the ritual of imbibing, but also to bring out and add flavor to fruit, to rim glasses used to serve other alcoholic beverages, and more.

TASTING NOTES

The three main types of traditional mezcal one encounters are blanco or joven (young), reposado and añejo. The first represents mezcal which has come directly from the still without any aging whatsoever, except while in glass or plastic receptacles awaiting bottling or sale. It can be quite sharp or strong, but is also encountered in a smooth state depending on the skill level of the mezcalero, percentage alcohol, number of distillations, and so on.

Reposado literally means lying down, resting, or reposing, so when one finds mezcal reposado it’s been aged, in theory in oak barrels anywhere from 2 to 18 months or so, but frequently simply allowed to sit for a period of time with fruit in it which imparts flavor and smoothness. Añejo, by contrast, signifies mezcal which is mature or aged, having been kept for generally 2 or more years in French or American oak barrels sometimes previously used for wine or brandy, or perhaps charred inside to produce a distinct taste.   A good añejo which has been carefully distilled and aged has a fine, smoky essence and is extremely smooth.

One can encounter either joven or reposado, with gusano, but virtually never an añejo with the worm because the latter has already had a great deal of time and effort expended in producing a product of fine quality. Notwithstanding that industry controls are by and large lacking apart from controls over those producers which are members of the association, it’s rare that one finds a small operation which even purports to produce añejo. However they may have other varieties in addition to the foregoing three or four staples.

In Spanish “pechuga” means breast. Within the context of mezcal manufacture, true mezcal pechuga has been made by hanging a raw chicken breast in the still during production, imparting in the spirit a subtle flavor nuance and a bit of body created by the minute percentage of fat which has been allowed to vaporize. One should exercise caution in purchasing what is purported to be true mezcal pechuga, once again because of the matter of lack of industry control. In some rural operations one sometimes encounters pechuga which is dark in color. The mezcalero may state that indeed it has been made with chicken breast, the color having been derived from aging with fruit. Whether chicken has actually been used in production is not certain unless you witness the process. That is not to state that the mezcal should be avoided since we’ve sampled some excellent rural pechuga….only to warn that with what the mezcal has been made might be debatable.

The balance of mezcals one is apt to taste fall into two broad categories. The first is a spirit similar to the above-noted selections, with no additives except a particular herb or fruit zest. Regarding the latter, one well-known producer, Mezcal del Amigo, has a citrus mezcal. Similar to the citrus mezcal is cedrón, a local herb producing a pleasant lime-like aroma. Then comes the more herbaceous products such as poleo, often also used to make a tea to cure stomach ailments. The sweet mezcals, referred to as cremas are made with a range of exotic fruits, but almost always contain a sweetening agent, most often honey, sugar or cane alcohol. The percentage mezcal used in such production is frequently quite small, and in fact there is currently controversy in the industry regarding whether or not the word mezcal ought to be used in labeling the beverage. Some cremas are made with cream or milk, while others are not, but can nevertheless be mixed with either, perhaps on the rocks, or in making desserts, for example poured over vanilla ice cream. Those who reside in Oaxaca have the opportunity to purchase bulk blanco mezcal and experiment with their own private recipes such as peach-honey, raisin-apple, guava, rosemary, and innumerable others.

Regardless of any preconceived notions you might have about mezcal, have a taste, whenever the opportunity arises, and of whatever is being offered, if only enough to discern differences and develop a palate for one or more types you prefer from the broad array of flavors, agings and degrees of smokiness.

Tall sexy woman save people at the beach

admin — Sat, 14 Aug 2010 08:04:03 +0000

www.tallmatching.com is an extensive gallery of single tall women, single tall American women and other tall singles each with a detailed personal profile, easy to view pic or photo , There are also heaps of single tall men and women in search of online tall dating, romance, love and marriage.The beauty of tall awaits your arrival — Make that dream a reality Come on! What are you waiting for?

Tips For Bigger Breasts – Getting to Know the Best Breast Enhancement Technique Without Surgery

admin — Fri, 13 Aug 2010 19:32:16 +0000

Tips For Bigger Breasts Why do women enlarge their breasts? A woman’s breasts have such a significant role to play in her overall livlihood as a feminine. When she is satisfied in on this size and shape then she gets a major boost in her self esteem and her sexual life is also amplified significantly. The truth is not all women are endowed naturally surrounded by a big bust and so select are bound to feel unattractive. Women in on breasts that are believed not big enough or very sexually appealing sometimes suffer a lot of emotional pain for a long time. Some of the reasons women site for considering breast enhancement procedures are very varied. Although some people think small breasted women are not as sexually appealing as their endowed sisters, the truth is that women have personal reasons for considering these procedures: * They think the breasts are just too small for their body size * To enhance the shape and size of boobs that have drooped after pregnancy and nursing babies. * Some women are born and after puberty they discover their breasts are not symmetrical, one could be bigger of higher than the other so needing correction. * To enhance breast size is as to fit correctly in the clothes they like wearing. The two most common breast enhancemen alternatives available are surgical and herbal. The surgical method is the common conventional one but is fraught with risks and complications and many women are today trying the second alternative. Studies show that some women who opt for the surgical procedure usually develop complications that dictate they go for a second or third operation to try and rectify the anomalies. Tips For Bigger Breasts Herbal Breast Pills Herbal breast pills on the other hand have proven to be a very effective technique of attaining good breast results while being non-invasive and totally painless. Women who use them develop breasts that are larger, rounder and firmer. The active ingredients in the herbs stimulate breath tissue growth without necessary causing milk production like in pregnancy. These pills contain hormone like substances that are found in teenage girls that promote breast tissue growth. The pills stimulate the glands responsible and development occurs. The range of pills you can choose from are many and so just make sure you choose the correct pill. The right pill is the one that has ingredients that will promote natural growth of your breast tissue and give you a few more benefits as well. Read well the fine print to know exactly what process the pill is going to stimulate in you body. Some of the breast enhancement formulas have ingredients that have been approved by FDA meaning they are safe. Also lookout for a product that promises you money back guarantee. You bet someone who is sure of their product will just give you that all important assurance. Start taking actions and work towards your dream figure! Download your Tips For Bigger Breasts ebook now!

Halloween in Transylvania – Tour for Singles

admin — Fri, 13 Aug 2010 10:38:47 +0000

We led our largest group ever on a vampire vacation to a land that time forgot. Romania isn’t a top tourist destination, but it was delightfully surprising to discover the unique culture and natural wonders in this undiscovered part of Europe.